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Usually biennial

Biennials are plants that complete their life cycle over the course of two years. In the first year, biennials typically produce leaves and roots but no flowers. In the second year, they flower and produce seeds before dying. Some common biennials include foxgloves (Digitalis), honesty (Lunaria annua) and viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare). , giant hogweed forms a rosette of serrated, deeply divided green leaves in its first year. Eventually these reach up to 1.5m (5ft) wide and 3m (10ft) long. In its second year, it sends up thick, bristly, green and purple-blotched stems that are hollow inside. These can reach 5m (16ft) or more in height.

The stems hold umbels (umbrella-like clusters) of upward-facing white flowers; the umbels can be as large as 60cm (2ft) across. Flowers are followed by masses of penny-sized, paper-thin seeds with distinctive dark brown stripes. Underground, giant hogweed grows from a pale, swollen taproot

A large, tapering, central root that grows downward. It's typically thicker and deeper than the other roots, allowing access to water and nutrients from deeper in the soil. Plants with taproots include dandelions, carrots and parsley. which branches as the plant matures.

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At its full height, giant hogweed is not easily confused with other plants. However, in early growth, or where plants are stunted, it can be confused with other common umbelliferous plants like cow parsley and common hogweed . The former has fern-like foliage and flowers earlier in the year; the latter has more rounded leaves, no purple blotching on the stem and is smaller in stature, growing up to 2m (6ft) tall.

911±¬ÁÏ members can send photos to the Gardening Advice service for help identifying umbels in their garden.

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Owing to its fast-spreading nature and large size, giant hogweed can quickly shade and outcompete native

A native plant is one that originated or arrived naturally in a particular place without human involvement. In the British Isles, native plants are those that were here during the last ice age or have arrived unaided since. (and other) plants and is therefore considered to be a weed. It appears on the of non-native invasive

Invasive plants are those that grow vigorously, spread rapidly and can out-compete other plants. Native, non-native and cultivated plants can all be invasive. species and the Non-native Species Secretariat (NNSS) list of , meaning there are restrictions on growing, cultivating, selling and transporting it.

If giant hogweed is already growing in your garden, this is not considered an offence, though it is recommended that you control or remove it. However, you must not intentionally plant it or cause it to spread. 

Aside from its invasive nature, giant hogweed poses a serious risk to human health. All four species contain high levels of furanocoumarins – chemicals which make the skin very sensitive to sunlight. Touching giant hogweed with bare skin can lead to severe photodermatitis, with symptoms including burning, blistering, pigmentation and long-lasting scarring.

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Here are our answers to your most common questions about dealing with giant hogweed.

How invasive is giant hogweed?

Giant hogweed produces masses of seed, up to 50,000 per plant, and these are dispersed over short distances by the wind and over much longer distances if they land in waterways. Gardens bordering open countryside or wasteland are most likely to find giant hogweed appearing, but seed may also be spread by soil stuck to shoes and tools.

Its seed has a high germination

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant. It starts with the seed coat absorbing water, expanding and splitting, which allows oxygen and water into the seed so its food reserves can be broken down and used by the embryo for growth. The first root (called the radicle) pushes into the soil to anchor the new plant in place and start absorbing water and nutrients. The first shoot (called the plumule) then grows upwards, out of the soil, towards the light. rate, and most germinate in the spring after dispersal, so plants can quickly colonise new ground. Seedlings

A seedling is a young plant grown from seed. initially produce a taproot

A large, tapering, central root that grows downward. It's typically thicker and deeper than the other roots, allowing access to water and nutrients from deeper in the soil. Plants with taproots include dandelions, carrots and parsley. , helping them get established quickly, and before long their large size helps them to outcompete neighbouring plants.

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Do I need to get rid of giant hogweed?

It is not an offence to have giant hogweed growing in your garden, as long as you take steps to stop it spreading. However, as it poses a serious health risk to people and pets and can outcompete many border plants, it is good practice to remove it.

You do, however, need to remove giant hogweed if you are ordered to do so. Section 14(4A) of the enables an environmental authority to take action to enforce the control of invasive non-native species . You may be asked to enter into a species control agreement, where you agree to control or remove the plant, or served a species control order to do so. If you fail to comply with this, the environmental authority may carry out the work themselves and recover costs from you. They may also prosecute and if found guilty, landowners face imprisonment and/or a fine.

Local authorities and the police also have powers under the to issue Community Protection Notices to landowners who are failing to control giant hogweed and who are acting unreasonably in a way that affects the quality of life of their neighbours.

What is the easiest way to kill giant hogweed?

Given how dangerous it is to handle giant hogweed, the safest way to remove it is to hire a specialist weed removal company. They will have appropriate PPE to protect themselves and are likely to be a and so legally able to dispose of giant hogweed correctly (see below). The following organisations have lists of contractors who specialise in the removal of invasive

Invasive plants are those that grow vigorously, spread rapidly and can out-compete other plants. Native, non-native and cultivated plants can all be invasive. plants:

Small populations of giant hogweed can, however, be tackled yourself. Ensure you wear gloves and cover as much skin as possible. Be aware that plant material can still cause skin damage several hours after being cut down or dug up. Sap

Sap is a fluid that circulates through a plant's vascular system, in a similar way to blood moving through our veins. Phloem sap carries the sugars produced in the leaves by photosynthesis down to roots and other storage organs, as well as carrying minerals and hormones. Xylem sap is watery and transports nutrients absorbed by the roots upwards to the rest of the plant. Some plants leak sap from wounds or pruning cuts, and this is known as bleeding. on clothes and tools can also cause skin damage, so handle these carefully and wash them well.

Wash any skin that touches the plant immediately, keep it out of sunlight and seek medical advice.

If tackling the removal of giant hogweed yourself, you have the following options:

• Hoe off seedlings – this is a good way to stop individual plants becoming a colony and is important if established plants
  Established plants have been in their current location for two or three years and so have well-developed root systems able to support strong growth with healthy foliage and flowers. were not deadheaded in time. Hoe promptly in spring before seedlings develop their taproot and do so on a warm, dry or windy day, so exposed roots dry out quickly.
• Pull up young plants – wearing gloves, pull up plants in May once they have reached a reasonable height but before they start flowering. This is easiest if the soil is moist. For larger plants it may be necessary to loosen the soil and lever out roots using a border fork.
• Deadhead
  Deadheading is the process of removing spent flowers from plants to encourage more blooms and prevent seed production. This helps to redirect the plant's energy into producing more flowers rather than producing seeds. promptly – allow established plants to produce a flower spike, then trim the stem down to ground level before the flowers fade. At this point, giant hogweed is less likely to survive being cut back. Bear in mind that some species are perennial
  Perennials are plants that live for multiple years. They come in all shapes and sizes and fill our gardens with colourful flowers and ornamental foliage. Many are hardy and can survive outdoors all year round, while less hardy types need protection over winter. The term herbaceous perennial is used to describe long-lived plants without a permanent woody structure (they die back to ground level each autumn), distinguishing them from trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs. and preventing them from setting seed will not reduce populations quickly.
• Deadhead carefully – if removing plants that have already begun to set seed, cover the head with a bag before you start, to collect seeds and limit their dispersal.

How should I dispose of giant hogweed?

Giant hogweed is classified as 'controlled waste' under the . If possible, destroy plants on site. If removal is necessary, needs to be informed and you must use a and an authorised disposal site. Contact the Environment Agency or your local council for information on authorised sites. If you use licensed contractors, ensure they use registered disposal sites and provide copies of waste transfer permits.

The following government websites provide more information:



You should not add giant hogweed (and soil that may contain its roots or seeds) to your home compost

Can refer to either home-made garden compost or seed/potting compost: • Garden compost is a soil improver made from decomposed plant waste, usually in a compost bin or heap. It is added to soil to improve its fertility, structure and water-holding capacity. Seed or potting composts are used for growing seedlings or plants in containers - a wide range of commercially produced peat-free composts are available, made from a mix of various ingredients, such as loam, composted bark, coir and sand, although you can mix your own. , council green waste

Plant-based waste that is suitable for composting, such as dead leaves, clippings from pruning or grass mowing and discarded annuals. Many local councils have green waste recycling schemes if home composting isn't an option. or household waste bin.

Should I use weedkiller?

The 911±¬ÁÏ does not support the use of weedkillers and recommends that alternative control methods are used. However, when invasive plants are a threat to biodiversity

The variety of living organisms (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) in a particular environment. Boosting the biodiversity of your garden has many benefits, including supporting wildlife, improving soil health and reducing the likelihood of pest and disease problems. and gardeners struggle to control them with cultural methods, targeted use of may be an option. Garden centres and large retailers selling weedkillers have trained staff who can advise on suitable products for your needs.