911爆料

To help minimise confusion, the 911爆料 has prepared the following guidance based on consultation with the horticultural trade and organisations:

When used without any additional description or qualification, 鈥榳ild flower鈥� is taken to mean a plant indigenous to the country or region in which it is being referred to.

It may be argued that 鈥榳ild flower鈥� could also be applied to naturalised

Naturalised plants are those that have been introduced to a place outside of their native range and have become established in the wild there, surviving, reproducing and spreading without help. Sycamores, snowdrops and sweet chestnuts are naturalised plants in the UK. plants as well as native

A native plant is one that originated or arrived naturally in a particular place without human involvement. In the British Isles, native plants are those that were here during the last ice age or have arrived unaided since. . Naturalised plants are those that have been introduced into the wild through human agency and become established there. Most modern Floras of the UK include such plants. For example, the Californian poppy (Eschscholzia californica), among many other non-native plants, is listed as 鈥榠ntroduced or naturalised鈥� in the New Flora of the British Isles (Stace, 2010).

There are some plants which, though introduced, have been naturalised from ancient times up to the discovery of the New World (c. 1500, see definitions). Examples that may be found in many wildflower

A term generally applied to non-woody, flowering plants that are natural to a particular area and grow there without human assistance. More accurately, British wildflowers normally applies to UK natives including plants introduced into the wild before 1500. mixes include corn cockle (Agrostemma githago), common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), night-flowering catchfly (Silene noctiflora), corn marigold (Glebionis segetum) and corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis).

In the context of garden use and horticulture we recommend that:

1. For greater clarity, when offering 鈥榳ild flower鈥� plants or seeds for sale, we suggest that 鈥榳ild flower鈥� is only applied to those plants considered natives or pre-1500 (see Preston et al., 2004) introductions but not to more recently naturalised
   Naturalised plants are those that have been introduced to a place outside of their native range and have become established in the wild there, surviving, reproducing and spreading without help. Sycamores, snowdrops and sweet chestnuts are naturalised plants in the UK. plants. When applied in the UK, to ensure there is no ambiguity, the use of the more complete description 鈥楤ritish wild flower鈥� is advisable on labelling or sales material. Where the plants or seeds are being sold to reflect a more regional origin, then the relevant region should be indicated, particularly where some of the species included are not considered native
   A native plant is one that originated or arrived naturally in a particular place without human involvement. In the British Isles, native plants are those that were here during the last ice age or have arrived unaided since. to other regions of the British Isles.
2. If plants are neither natives nor pre-1500 introductions, it would be desirable to use alternative descriptions or selling names (examples on the market include 鈥榰rban meadow鈥�, 鈥榝lowering meadow鈥�, 鈥榦rnamental meadow鈥� and 鈥楶ictorial Meadows鈩⑩�� or suggested terms such as 鈥榗ultivated annuals
   Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle in one growing season. They are generally easy to grow from seed or can be bought as young plants from garden centres. Annuals are ideal for growing in summer containers and filling gaps in borders. Some examples of annuals include sunflowers, cosmos, sweet peas and zinnia. 鈥�, 鈥榗ultivated perennials
   Perennials are plants that live for multiple years. They come in all shapes and sizes and fill our gardens with colourful flowers and ornamental foliage. Many are hardy and can survive outdoors all year round, while less hardy types need protection over winter. The term herbaceous perennial is used to describe long-lived plants without a permanent woody structure (they die back to ground level each autumn), distinguishing them from trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs. 鈥� or 鈥榗ultivated mix鈥�) where relevant. More specific terms, such as 鈥榩rairie wildflowers鈥� for certain North American mixes, could be used.
3. Where there is a mix of native/pre-1500 introductions and non-native species, or native/pre-1500 introductions and cultivated selections of natives (i.e. cultivars), this should be made clear in the description.
4. Irrespective of terminology, a sensible and precautionary approach would be to list all the species of plant present in the mix (or to refer to a website where this list can be found).
5. That the provenance of seed should be indicated to allow people to make an informed choice. This should indicate whether the seed is sourced from plants growing in the UK or abroad. In cases with seed from many sources, it is suggested that 鈥榩roduct of more than one country鈥� is included on the label.

The definition of native

A native plant is one that originated or arrived naturally in a particular place without human involvement. In the British Isles, native plants are those that were here during the last ice age or have arrived unaided since. plants followed here was provided by Py拧ek et al. (2004) (see references) and is as follows, 鈥淭axa that have originated in a given area without human involvement or that have arrived there without intentional or unintentional intervention of humans from an area in which they are native.鈥� Stace (2010) is a standard reference against which the native status of plants occurring in the British Isles can be checked.

Plants introduced prior to 1500 are referred to as archaeophytes following the definition provided by Preston et al. (2004) where the concept was introduced and where a comprehensive list of the UK plants that are considered archaeophytes can be found.

The term provenance is used in this guidance to refer to where plants from which the seed was harvested were grown. It is not the same as 鈥榦rigin鈥� which in this context means the original geographic source of the plants which may be many generations back from the most recent harvest.

Archaeophytes in Britain by Christopher D. Preston, David A. Pearman, Allan R. Hall. (2004 Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 145: 257-294)

Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists by Py拧ek, P., Richardson, D. M., Rejm谩nek, M., Webster, G. L., Williamson, M., Kirschner, J. (2004 Taxon 53 (1): 131-143)

New Flora of the British Isles (3rd edition) by Stace, C. (2010 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)